a sign of these styles Brutalism c. 1950–1980 Monumental raw concrete: repeated modular units, deep-set windows, and fortress-like massing. Critical Regionalism c. 1980–present Modern design rooted in place: local materials, climate response, and craft instead of global sameness. Expressionism c. 1910–1930 Sculptural brick and concrete buildings with curved or faceted masses, rounded corners, and tall prow-shaped or stepped tops. Late Modernism c. 1965–1990 Sharp-angled towers in mirrored glass, sculpted concrete volumes, tall atriums, and smooth curtain walls with no ornament. Metabolism c. 1958–1975 Japanese megastructures of plug-in capsules on permanent service cores, designed to grow like organisms. Socialist Panel Housing c. 1956–1991 Long flat-roofed apartment blocks made of identical precast concrete panels and windows in a regular grid, with balconies. Soviet Modernism c. 1955–1991 Large concrete public buildings with sculptural volumes such as inverted pyramids and trapezoids, often with mosaics or relief panels. Tropical Modernism c. 1950–1990 Concrete buildings with deep overhangs, sun-shading screens, perforated breeze blocks, open corridors and flat roofs. 
